نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال ششم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

Lack of water resources is one of the biggest and most difficult environmental issues that is increasing rapidly in Iran. Given the scarcity of water resources in the Haraz Basin, this paper develops a system dynamics (SD) model for water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) and analyzes the balance between water supply and demand. For analysis of three scenarios to simulate WRCC from 2010 to 2030 Trahyshd and total water demand and the output value of secondary products as criteria for the study were selected WRCC Haraz basin. The results showed that the capacity to carry water resources in the Haraz Basin can not meet the demand for socio-economic development in the coming years and the third scenario can effectively compensate for water shortages. Accordingly, in order to ensure the sustainable use of water resources, water conservation policies should be greatly increased.

Determining water quality is of particular importance in water resources management. Today, due to the existence of numerous polluting sources of water resources, the chemical quality of water resources has been greatly reduced. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively classify the water resources of Gamasiab catchment area of Kermanshah province for drinking and agricultural uses and the quality of surface and groundwater resources. The qualitative data of five stations from 1358-97 and 5 wells were used. Qualitative data studied in this study are 10 parameters including: So4، cl، Hco3، ، ، TDS، EC ، pH and SAR. The results showed that according to the Wilcox diagram, all samples are in the C2S1 class range, which indicates good quality water for irrigation and agriculture. . According to the piper diagram, the facies is calcite water and fresh water type. River water is acceptable in terms of hardness and bicarbonate based on Schuler index in terms of hardness and in good range in terms of other parameters. The results of calculating WQI and GWQI indices show excellent water quality for surface and groundwater of this basin.

Eddies are a circulating current that can be stable for tens of days and cause temperature and salinity changes over a wide area. The Persian Gulf is also exposed to this event on a daily basis, and especially in the summer, eddies with a radius of about 50 km (mesoscale) is formed in it, which changes the life of aquatic animals. In this study, using the Mike model, which is a hydrodynamic model, the flow simulation in the Persian Gulf was performed and the way of changing the hydrographic parameters as well as the transfer of suspended matter around the eddy was investigated. The results showed that ivy formation caused significant temperature and salinity changes in the environment, which due to its structure can cause the migration of marine species without stress. The transfer of nutrients by eddy is also such that the concentration of suspended matter in the circular path of the eddy is the highest. The study also showed that in summer the fish recruitment pattern for the number of species studied had the highest percentage, which in this season are formed according to the results of mesoscale eddies.

Evaluation of energy and environmental indicators in each activity is nessessery n order to reduce the adverse effects on the environment. The aim of the present study was to investigate energy and environmental indicators in the production of sugar from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). The data of Fariman Sugar Factory, Fariman, Khorasan Razavi, was used. Life cycle assessment method and SimaPro Software were used to determine the environmental loads of product production. The results of the present study showed that the total amount of input energy in the production of one hundred tons of sugar was 4788690.12 MJ. The most effective input energy in sugar production was natural gas with a share of 43%. The values of energy ratio, energy efficiency, energy intensity, and net energy gain indices were calculated as 0.56, 0.02 Kg.MJ-1, 47.9 MJ.kg-1, and -2075499.7 MJ.100tons-1. The share of non-renewable energy consumption was 97.35%. The highest environmental loads were from sugar beet, equipment and machinery, nylon and limestone, respectively. Normalization of environmental indicators in sugar production showed that the effect groups of marine aquatic ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion (fossil fuels), glowbal warming, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity and acidificatin potential had higher values compared to others efect groups.

Forest management is one of the important issues in protecting and identifying the priorities of forest areas. Therefore, due to the involvement of individuals and legal entities in making managerial decisions, the use of methods with the least damage to the environment and accelerating the process of society requires the use of appropriate methods such as game theory. The power and ability of game theory as a mathematical tool for decision making is due to its methodology in terms of constructing and analyzing the problems and issues that human beings face in strategic choices. Therefore, in the applied experiment of this method, the strategies of global registration conditions of several Hyrcanian forests were studied. A series of questionnaires were used to study the strategy of the games; the tree model was tested for a 12-step question solution with a permutation of 5 sites and 4 IUCN criteria. The results of the analyzes in this section show that only one strategy out of

in-depth interviews were conducted with 25 experts, and in the quantitative part, to measure the model, a researcher-made questionnaire with relative cluster sampling method was used among 285 people. Were distributed. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by face and content method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method. Data were analyzed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS software. The results of the qualitative section indicate that the environmental model of sustainable development has 15 dimensions in terms of causal conditions (1. service mission, 2. safety and health requirements, 3. social responsibility), underlying conditions (4. education and learning, 5 Culture building, 6. Attitudes and knowledge of managers), intervention conditions (7. Contractors, 8. Technical facilities and equipment, 9. Technology and technical operations), strategy (10. Medium and long-term policies of the Ministry of Energy, 11. Supervision and Continuous evaluation of project progress is 12. Customer Consumption Management Programs, 13. Residual Pollution Management Programs) and Outcome (14. Improving the Environmental Performance of the Gas Company and 15. Moving Towards Sustainable Development). The results of the quantitative section showed that all dimensions of the research paradigm model were confirmed.

Achieving a more comprehensive ecological analysis, landscape ecology needs to consider the natural features of that landscape, human interventions, and perceptions in a coexistence framework. In this regard, in a hilly settlement, the hills' ecological status could be examined from at least two sources: quantitative ecological indicators and users' visual assessments. This study has investigated the possible relations between these two and also the degree of their compatibility with each other in the four essential hills of Sanandaj (TOOSNOZA, NISHTEMAN, MELLAT, and DIDGAH). First, using FRAGSTATS software, the ecological indicators were obtained from satellite images. Then 12 indices were finalized through principal components analysis. In the next step corresponding to these indicators, an online questionnaire collected the visual evaluation level of users. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant relationship between the ecological indicators and users' visual evaluation. The two ecological indicators CONTIG and FRAC had the highest compliance with the participants' evaluation. In other words, the two indicators of continuity and complexity can be more appropriate measures to study the ecological status of hills.

In order to model the emission of pollutants, it's necessary to know the amount of mixing depth, which in most modeling, only for the climate of the region, values for the mixing depth is assumed. The aim of this study show the relationship between the depth of mixing in the atmosphere, and the pollutants measured by monitoring stations in Tehran Poonak. Methods Review Emission rate of pollutants CO, NO2 , PM10, SO2 , O3 and PM2.5 the urban air quality station of Poonak region and the comparison of the average daily and monthly concentrations of air pollutants is done based on the information received from the measuring station of the quality control company with the values of convective boundary layer height and mechanical boundary layer height of mixing. Results shows the height of urban mixing increases in proportion to changes in ambient temperature. On the other hand, synoptic conditions prevent the displacement and convection of the air mass of the boundary layer. As well as factors affecting the pollution of air, the characteristics of meteorological, topographic terrain and intensity Production of pollutants is not to increase or decrease the concentration of the scale of local and area of lead becomes.

The vegetation of more than 35 square kilometers of Sarab Zanjanrood, one of the main branches of Ghezel-Ozan River is grass, which is known as Soltanieh grass. Grass, an herbaceous plant of the genus Wheat, grows in hot and cold climates. Software ArcGIS, Google Earth, Global mapper, Excel and geological maps, topography, DEM, and climatic data were used to study the morphogenesis of Soltanieh grass. With the help of Wright and Porter's experimental models, the height of the snow border and the water equilibrium line of the Quaternary were estimated. Field surveys of the points where the waterway is shown in the topographic maps in the form of Two-pronged, no evidence of slope change or change of sediment and seawater was seen. Due to the existence of Quaternary glacial circuses in the eastern and western heights of Soltanieh, the dominance of glaciers in the cold Quaternary periods in the region has been almost certain. Soltanieh grass is a type of cold grass. The average weight temperature of the Soltanieh basin was estimated at 7.85°C and the average precipitation was 428.75mm and the equilibrium line altitude and the water and ice equilibrium line was estimated to be 2268 and 1147.5m, respectively.

Reducing the use of non-renewable resources, enhancing the natural environment, controlling environmental pollution, and providing clean energy are important issues of concern in different communities, and planning for its implementation is a necessity. Since Iran has a special geographical location due to its location in a region with high potential and high solar radiation intensity, it can be attempted to produce and apply new energy by providing a suitable solution and recognizing its capabilities and potentials. The purpose of this article is to propose a suitable solution for the use of new and renewable solar energy, especially the photovoltaic system and its zoning in Iran. To realize this, it is necessary to use renewable local energies by recognizing the renewable resources and capabilities available in every part of the country. The results show that by studying and understanding the solar energy, the photovoltaic system capabilities, and its application, understanding the position of Iran, and studying the amount of sunlight in it, Iran has a good base for exploiting photovoltaic systems. Accordingly, the climatic zoning of the photovoltaic system in Iran is discussed in this article.

Due to the decline in soil quality and high volume of soil pollution in Iran, it is necessary to use methods that reduce or eliminate contaminants in the soil in a wide range of Iran. Contaminated soil was also removed from the landfill located in Aradkuh Kahrizak complex. Using thermocouple method, two types of biochar with different characteristics were produced from food waste and oil meal. The standard deviation and mean were calculated using R software and Shapiro-Wilk test was performed using SPSS software version 26 to ensure the normality of the data. Biochar from oil meal and food waste have a significant effect on reducing the amount of heavy metals in the soil and improve the soil. If they do not have a significant effect on improving the physical and chemical properties of soils. The reduction of heavy metals and the increase of soil fertility, in addition to the initial biomass and pyrolysis conditions, also depend on the type of soil granulation.

SiC is a durable and suitable material. Today, with the increase in demand, the production of this material has increased, and as a result, a huge volume of CO gas is produced. A common method for cost-effective and economical production of SiC is the Acheson method, which causes pollutants to enter the environment and thus increase air pollution. There are many methods for estimating gas diffusion rates. In this research, for the first time, MATLAB software has been used to calculate the CO gas diffusion rate during the SiC production process using the Acheson reactor method. First, the properties of the substrate and temperature changes are studied and then the process of SiC and CO production process is depicted. Studies show that the bed temperature needs to reach the desired value to start the reaction due to electrical resistance in the graphite core. With the start of the SiC production reaction, the bed porosity increases due to carbon consumption and CO gas is produced at the same time. As the reaction progresses, the amount of this gas inside the reactor increases and a current is generated towards the outlet valve, reducing the CO gas inside the reactor.

Challenges of water resources and surface changes of Lake Urmia and the society under its influence are serious concerns about the dangers and destruction of the environment of the basin. Paid. Therefore, in a recent study, using Landsat satellite images from 2000, 2010 and 2020, it has dealt with the trend of changes in the six major uses. And with the help of spatial and temporal analysis, the method of dispersal of territorial measures has traced the footprint of destruction and water needs and environmental degradation. Therefore, the results show that during the last 20 years, the area of man-made buildings has increased by 40%. Also, forests have experienced a reduction rate of only 5%. Therefore, water bodies have reduced their area by 15%, and finally the speed of these changes in the first period was much more severe than the period 2010 to 2020. In the second period, pastures and poor soil cover or pastures have undergone the most changes. This trend is mostly dependent on climate change.

Today, the environment is one of the most important issues in human societies. Environmental pollutants include air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution and noise pollution. Among them, the issue of air pollution is more important for various reasons. In the metropolis of Tehran, air pollution has become a serious problem for urban management for about 2 decades, but unfortunately, no basic solution has been provided for it. According to the author's experience and field of activity, in this research, the basis of this problem has been discussed. Of course, this data is collected only from available sources. Based on real data, which requires more time and money, it may be possible to provide basic solutions to solve the problem of air pollution in this metropolis. In this study, while presenting data and statistics of different sources, in order to compare these data and express their weaknesses and strengths, the potential of contamination of different sources and neglected in the evaluations of previous authorities should be pointed out.

noise from the vehicle aerodynamic effect, and noise from the interaction of the tire and the pavement. One of the most effective factors in creating tire/pavement sound and reducing the sound of reflection from the asphalt surface are: pavement texture, pavement life, vehicle speed, and temperature,pavement texture should have adequate sliding resistance at high speeds. Because one of the effective factors in reducing accidents and increasing safety is to improve the surface friction of the pavement. To evaluate the skid resistance of asphalt, the English pendulum test by EST3-74 ASTM standard in wet and dry conditions was used. T According to the results, it can be concluded that the preparation of pavements with a higher percentage of coarse grain, can increase friction by 32% and increase noise pollution by 6% due to the movement of vehicles. Increasing the speed also increases the pavement/tire noise by 0.9 dB. Compared to weather conditions (wet and dry asphalt), the slip resistance of wet asphalt decreased by 6%, and the amount of noise (pavement/rubber) in wet asphalt compared to dry asphalt increased by an average of 1 dB.

In this study, thorium ions were adsorbed in a batch system by Amberlite XAD-7 ion exchange resin impregnated with phosphate compounds such as TOPO (tri-octylphosphine oxide) and T2EHP (tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate). The effect of important parameters on the adsorption process such as pH, time, temperature and the presence of interfering ions, as well as the effect of appropriate detergent on desorption, was investigated and evaluated. Thermodynamic relationships and several isothermal adsorption models including Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Langmuir and Temkin were investigated to describe the adsorption equilibrium. The structure of the modified adsorbent was investigated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. Based on the results obtained from the tests of thorium adsorption on XAD-7 resins impregnated with phosphate compounds, it was concluded that the adsorption reaction is a spontaneous (negative Gibbs free energy changes) and an exothermic process (negative enthalpy changes). Among the isothermal adsorption models, the nonlinear Redlich-Peterson model had the best result at 35 °C.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the environmental consequences and challenges of the South Pars Special Zone. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical. The results showed that one of the most important issues currently discussed in relation to the South Pars region is the issue of environmental sustainability short-term and long-term, direct and indirect on the environment of the region and the whole country and even the countries bordering the Persian Gulf. The entry of effluents from petrochemical units and gas refineries into the sea and the lack of pollution control of these effluents are also the concerns of environmentalists. One of the most important programs of Pars Energy Special Economic Zone Organization in order to improve environmental indicators in the special zone is to reform the structure of environmental management in the South Pars region and integrate activities by preparing and approving the approved organizational chart and communicating executive instructions to coordinate the activities of health, safety and Environment in gas refineries and petrochemical complexes. Certainly, this coordination of activities will prevent island actions and surface plans, as well as further endangering the environment and the health of the citizens and employees of the region.

The cultivation of landraces that are resistant to environmental stresses, pests and plant diseases and have a less need for fertilizers and toxins is important for Increasing access to healthy and nutritious food and tackling climate change that has endangered food production in the contemporary world. In this regard, the native knowledge of people who are traditionally engaged in agriculture is important because it guides the researchers to make appropriate decisions against climate change. This manuscript based on the findings of research to explore the indigenous knowledge of cultivation of landraces among rural women of East Azerbaijan. The research method is qualitative and data collection was done by semi-structured interviews with farmer women. Data analysis by thematic analysis shows that important factors it takes the form of social and economic structures. The results indicate that the combination of the three issues of gender, climate change and agricultural production can lead the agricultural sector to more successful policies to encourage farmers to cultivate landraces and preserve native seeds.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining and zoning the air quality of Mashhad in 2014 based on air quality index (AQI). In this study, instantaneous concentrations of air pollutants in Mashhad were prepared and AQI was calculated. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significant level of 5% in SPSSV.23 software. Moreover, Arc GIS was used to zone the air quality of the studied stations. The results showed that the months of September and October have the highest average of AQI with 168 and 156 (unhealthy status) and March with a value of 88 (moderate status) has the lowest amount among the studied months. Based on zoning maps, most stations in Mashhad were assessed as moderate and unhealthy status for sensitive groups. Also, Taghiabad and Khayyam South stations with an average AQI index of 107 (unhealthy condition for sensitive groups) as the most polluted and Machine Abzar station with a value of 37 (good condition) as the cleanest points among the studied stations. PM2.5 was the most important pollutant during the study.

Despite the negative effects of the outbreak of Covid 19 virus in various fields, the cessation and reduction of some activities has had positive effects on the environment. The present study was conducted with the aim of measuring the environmental sustainability of Ardabil city during the Covid 19 pandemic in order to achieve a green city in region 3 of Ardabil city and by considering 5 criteria. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Based on one-sample t-test, the average environmental sustainability of the studied indicators is equal to 3.02 and is moderate. According to the findings of the COPRAS model, Rezvan town with Nj equal to 100% has the best situation in terms of environmental sustainability indicators among the neighborhoods of region 3 of Ardabil city and Malabashi and Malayosef neighborhoods with the lowest percentage in the most unfavorable situation and in Are in last place. Malabashi and Malayoosef neighborhoods, because they are informal settlements, have had the most negative impact on the level of environmental sustainability in District 3 of Ardabil.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the content of human and environmental textbooks of the eleventh grade of secondary school. In this study, the content analysis method with Shannon entropy technique was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of the content of the human and environmental textbook with 115 pages, including 7 sections. The results showed that highest unit was assigned to soil index and the lowest one was for biodiversity index. The highest importance factor in water component was water management index and the least water quality decline, the highest importance factor in soil component related to soil conservation index and the lowest food security. the highest importance factor in air component related to air pollution index and the least human factors, the highest importance factor in energy component related to fossil fuel index and the lowest Clean energy and green fuels, the highest importance factor in the waste component related to the recycling index and the lowest waste accumulation and incineration, and the highest importance factor in the waste component related to the index Biodiversity and least waste The importance of conservation strategies index, respectively.

In the present study, first CO, CO2, NOx, HC, H2S, and dust were measured in different parts of Zaveh cement plant and then modeling of pollutants in different stability conditions up to 50 km of the plant in the Screen View software was investigated. The highest concentration of dust in the preheater outlet was 93 mg/m3 (less than the Iranian emission standard). The results of the Screen View model to simulate the emission of preheater gas pollutants indicate that the maximum concentration of NOx pollutant in the unstable state is 58.6 μg/m3 up to a distance of 3.5 km from the source. The maximum output concentration of the preheater (12.7 μg/m3) in unstable weather conditions is less than the standard clean air standard and finally covers a range of 3 to 30 km. Dust from cement silo and mills stack due to the presence of a preheater structure as a barrier and the creation of a downwash zone downstream of these two stack, caused dust pollution around the distance of 200, 220, and 350 meters.

Biopolymer packaging materials such as zein have a high potential for replacement with synthetic polymers due to their biodegradability. Despite their environmental benefits, their application is not possible due to their poor properties. To overcome these limitations, using crosslinking materials such as essential oils (EOs) is a very effective method. Therefore, in this study, the effect of using Zataria multiflora EO (ZEO) on improving the properties of biodegradable zein film was investigated. Adding ZEO to the film had no effect on the film thickness. But, it reduced the tensile strength, water vapor permeability and brightness and increased the elongation at break, water solubility and a and b color parameters in film and improved the film surface properties according to AFM and SEM images. Also, the results of FTIR test indicated that new connections were established in the film structure due to the presence of EOs. Therefore, it seems that the use of zein biodegradable film containing ZEO is able to open a new window to the use of biodegradable materials in the food packaging industry in order to better maintain the quality and Open food safety and reduce the environmental hazards resulting from the accumulation of petroleum packaging materials.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the analysis and analysis of groundwater quality factors in Farashband region for agriculture and drinking so that by using the drawing methods available in AQQA software, it is possible to provide a suitable solution for plain management. In this study, 19 villages from Farashband city in Fars province were selected and physicochemical parameters along with quantitative changes in groundwater resources were analyzed during 2016. The results showed that, based on the Wilcox diagram in 1995, the southern region is the source and the owner of the C3S1 class with salt water and can be used for agriculture. The rest of the C4S1 and C4S2 class areas are of very poor quality for unsuitable agriculture. In the classification of the quality of Farashband groundwater for agriculture based on WHO, it was found that about 56.2% of groundwater in Farashband region has a relatively favorable quality for agriculture. The groundwater of the region according to the Iranian standard for drinking determined that all the groundwater of Farashband region has good and permitted quality based on the amount of acidity, the amount of sulfate and the amount of hardness for drinking; However,

The purpose of this study is the effect of two sources of well irrigation and surface runoff on soil heavy metal concentrations. Samples of well water, surface runoff and soil irrigated with well water and surface runoff were collected in District 18 of Tehran in different months. Concentrations of lead and cadmium in the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results of this study showed that in soil samples irrigated with surface runoff, the maximum concentrations of lead and cadmium were 52.5 and 0.64 mg/kg of dry soil, respectively, which is less than the allowable level of heavy elements in the soil. In well-irrigated soil samples, the maximum concentrations of lead and cadmium were 88 and 2.8 mg/kg of dry soil, respectively, which is more than the allowable limit and the reason can be due to the proximity of farms to the municipal sewage outlet. The average amount of lead and cadmium in well samples showed that it is very toxic for drinking and not for agricultural use. Samples of surface runoff water with lead content less than 0.05 and cadmium less than 0.03 mg / L Toxic for drinking and allowed for agriculture.

Architecture discipline is primarily concerned with spatial boundaries. Although this subject has been addressed from various scopes, the way in which these boundaries can be challenged, namely architectural concepts that are capable in this regard, has remained largely uninvestigated. Nature-inspired architectural concepts developed by Sou Fujimoto in the framework of his intellectual project, Primitive Future, aim to eliminate traditional spatial boundaries and, therefore, his architecture can be a didactic case in this context. The aim of this paper is therefore to unfold certain spatial boundaries that can be blurred by these architectural concepts and to evaluate their potential for the elimination of spatial boundaries. Ergo, this paper can be regarded as a qualitative documentary study founded on a descriptive-analytical method conducted by a literature survey and a case study. Findings have indicated that certain spatial boundaries, namely the established dualities between Architecture ─ Nature, Interior ─ Exterior, Architecture ─ Furniture, Object ─ Field, Figure ─ Ground, Public ─ Private, Architecture ─ City and Openness ─ Enclosure, may be blurred by architectural concepts developed as the Primitive Future. However, the potential of these concepts to challenge spatial boundaries is different, i.e. Tree Like Place and Garden have the greatest potential.

Environmental pollution is one of the concerns which affected human life and it is a must to find solutions for that. The effluent derived from the industrial units is contaminated with chloride. The amount of chloride in the effluent of studied lead and zinc industry is more than 50000 ppm and without an effective treatment system, will cause a lot of damage to the environment. Phytoremediation by Phragmites Australis plant has been used in a surface flow constructed wetland (CW) to reduce chloride concentration in the effluent. In the first pilot, the resistance of the plant to various chloride concentrations was measured. The sewage was tested with concentrations of 9250 and 4625 ppm. The results showed at these concentrations P.australis was able to reduce chloride concentration by 75.98% and by 92.33% respectively. In the second pilot, a CW on a laboratory scale was used to study the plant's behavior and chloride removal in a concentration of 2250 ppm. The plant performance was not satisfactory in this pilot and reduced the chloride concentration of the effluent by only 15.25%. These results indicate that P.australis has high efficiency in reducing chloride concentration and this yield is much higher in the summer season.

Having an ideal metropolis needs a large number of huge projects, such as the construction of a subway, which benefits the development of the city. However, the construction of such projects (which typically takes two to three years) has a negative effect on the environment of human and natural surroundings during construction operations. One of the most negative effects is noise pollution and the annoying noise of the construction. This study was carried out in a residential context around the auxiliary tunnel of line 3 metro- Abbas-Abad district- Tehran- Iran. The study population was inhabitants of the residential area around the project that were randomly selected. The risks were evaluated through the William fine method. Also, by checking the most important environmental risks, among the six significant and important identified risks, 3 Risk effects on the fauna, health and disease, human population and migration were in high level and the 3 Risk effects on the flora, Dead Night, cruelty and insecurity were at a moderate level.

Allelopathy is one of the methods of interspecific communication in plant communities, the study ‎of which can help to understand the interactions of plants. Therefore, this study was conducted ‎to investigate the effect of allelopathy, antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid ‎compounds of different concentrations of Achillea wilhelmsii‏ ‏and Salvia officinalis L. ‎extract on ‎the germination characteristics of two species of Onobrychis viciifolia and Medicago sativa ‎in a ‎completely randomized design with 9 treatments, and 5 repetitions were performed in 2018. ‎Measured parameters included percentage and germination rate, root length, stem and seedling ‎length, mean germination time, allometric coefficient, seed vigor index and seedling fresh and ‎dry weight. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that different concentrations of ‎the mentioned extracts had a significant inhibitory effect on germination parameters of ‎O.viciifolia and M.sativa. Also, the results of the mean comparison index showed that increasing ‎the concentration of extracts significantly reduced the studied parameters, so that the highest ‎percentage of decrease was observed in the highest concentration of aqueous extract, which can ‎be the reason is the increase in allelopathic substances and consequently the increase in toxicity ‎on the traits.

The economic study of this product plays an important role in the prosperity of the agricultural economy of the county and this region. Checking the performance of this product is a very important factor in increasing its production and performance, without the need for additional costs. The present study was conducted to determine the randomness of the experiment in the eastern region of Kerman province in 2017-2018 years. In this study, the average total technical efficiency of palm farms was calculated 63% for four counties; the minimum efficiency of the units belongs to the city of Narmashir. On the results, effective factors affecting the technical efficiency of palm trees are estimated significant in production units, that including coefficients of poisoning, water consumption, mixed cultivation, participation in training classes and investment. Suggesting that a one percent increase in investment would increase efficiency by 7.4%. It is expected that with increasing the variables of participation in educational classes, investment and cultivation (dates and other products), will increase the economic efficiency of the dates of production units of the study area.